Claustrophobia Essays - Phobias, Emotions, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Claustrophobia Does Claustrophobia cause people to deviate from confined areas? The independent variable is claustrophobia, and the dependent variable is the confined areas. Our hypothesis to this question is yes claustrophobia can be cured and reduced by cognitive behavioral therapy. The issue of claustrophobia is very important due to its impact on an individuals everyday life, since it affects a number of individuals throughout the world. A phobia is an anxiety disorder that is shown by an irrational fear of confined spaces. This phobia can cause a person to stay away form confined spaces such as a crowded store, sporting and social events, as well as elevators that could bring on this irrational fear. In society this can cause a person not to take part in certain events. This phobia can also lead to the interference with riding on public transportation such as a plane, train, bus or subway. In this our findings will be evident by the research provided. Each of these specific statements below, will help draw a conclusion about claustrophobia: 1) Fear of Restriction and Suffocation 2) The Reduction of Claustrophobia(Part 1) 3) The Reduction of Claustrophobia (Part 2) 4) Virtual Reality Treatment of Claustrophobia Claustrophobia 2 Fear of Restriction and Suffocation Claustrophobic fear is a combination of the fear of suffocation and the fear of confinement. The view on this topic is supported from the responses from a questionnaire done before, during, and after a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan was performed. Patients who successfully completed a MRI scan found they experienced fear of confinement not suffocation. These MRI scans were done in long narrow cylindrical chambers, which are dark and restrictive as well as noisy. Although you are not in a sealed chamber, you can literally see the light at the end of the tunnel. Some other chambers that were used in other experiments were enclosed, and restrictive which leads the patient to believe that there is the possibility of suffocation. This study was performed over a three-week period on an outpatient basis at two teaching hospitals. There were seventy-eight people involved in this study, twenty-three males, mean average 51.61 years (S.D.=20.0), as well as fifty-five females, mean age 45.67 years (S.D.=15.3). They collected research data on three different occasions using the F.S.S. (fear survey schedule) and the D.A.S.S. (depression, anxiety, and stress scale), one week prior to the MRI scan, the day of the MRI scan, and one month after the MRI scan. The patients who filled out a questionnaire one week prior to the MRI scan answered questions concerning the characteristics of depression, anxiety, stress, confinement and suffocation. The patients who filled out a questionnaire immediately after the MRI scan answered questions concerning their experience, did they complete or not complete the MRI scan, their willingness to undergo a further scan, and the history of previous MRI scans. Claustrophobia 3 The patients who filled out a questionnaire one month after the MRI scan filled out the same questionnaire as the one prior to the MRI scan. The results of this MRI scan study proved that patients who had failed to complete their MRI scan experienced an increase in the claustrophobic fear since they left during the MRI scan while their fears were high, which reinforced these patients from escaping from a similar situation in the future. It has been found that patients who have these MRI scans may develop conditions of anxiety such as claustrophobia and panic attacks. The patients who complete the MRI scan successfully reduced their fear of confined places in the future. It was also found that the patients exposed to a confined situation without the possibility of suffocation were only concerned with the fear on confinement, but had no effect on the fear of suffocation. To get the best results for the treatment of claustrophobia you need to address the fear of restriction as well as the fear of suffocation in a cognitive- behavioral program. Claustrophobia 4 The Reduction of Claustrophobia (Part1) Many people suffer form claustrophobia, whether they have panic attacks in small confined rooms or in large crowds. They suffer from this disorder on a daily basis. To try and prevent these panic attacks they try to avoid small areas. People shouldn't have to alter their life styles because of something they have no control over. So psychologists put together a study to find ways to reduce the degree of panic attacks, Claustrophobia was selected as the target in this clinical experiment because it is a common fear with puzzling aspects. In claustrophobia it is relatively easy to induce

Japanese taste culture Essays

Japanese taste culture Essays Japanese taste culture Essay Japanese taste culture Essay It is well known that sushi is very popular Japanese food in the world. In the past, sushi is an exotic and expensive food served at luxurious hotels and high class restaurants in Hong Kong. It seems a kind of class reflection. However, sushi starts to localize the taste to fit local customers. It becomes more popular than the past. Many sushi bars and restaurants offer affordable prices as localization nowadays. So, it is interesting to take a deep look into the taste and localization aspects towards Japanese taste culture. This paper examines the growth of a sushi culture in Hong Kong from historical aspect. It discusses the history of sushi and the reasons for its popularity in Hong Kong. Also, it examines the making of the sushi culture and industry and looks into different aspects of taste and localization. By identifying the characteristics of the sushi culture in Hong Kong and locating sushi in the context of globalization of Japanese popular culture. It aims to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of taste and Japanese popular culture. In Hong Kong, many people start to run sushi restaurants with inexpensive price. They also localized the taste and prices. Hong Kong is advanced in terms of localization of Japanese sushi such as the kaiten sushi (revolving sushi on a conveyor belt) restaurants and take-away sushi outlets. Hong Kong is leading this sushi boom and sushi is making its way in peoples daily diet. It is a kind of Japanese popular culture and consumer culture. LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY HISTORY OF SUSHI source Sushi is a typical Japanese food with over a thousand years of history and tradition. It has become the most visible example of Japanese cuisine in other countries. Sushi is the combination of raw fish and seasoned rice. It seems so exotic to foreigners, is a supremely logical food in Japan. Sushi is the combination of raw fish and seasoned rice that seems so exotic to foreigners. It is a supremely logical food in Japan. Sushi began one century ago in Japan as a method of preserving source fish. It is told that the origins of sushi came form countries of Southeastern Asia. Cleaned, raw fish were pressed between layers of salt and weighted with a stone. After a few weeks, the stone was removed and replaced with a light cover, and a few months after that, the fermented fish and rice were considered ready to eat. Some restaurants in Tokyo still serve this original style of sushi, called narezushi made with freshwater carp. Its flavor is so strong that it obscures the fishs identity altogether, and narezushi is something of an acquired taste. Sushi is perhaps Japans best-known contribution to world cuisine. Although sushi seems like a simple food, sushi preparation is actually a highly developed discipline. The choicest, tender morsels of fresh raw fish are artfully arranged on individual fingers of vinegary rice by a skilled chef, and then placed on a gleaming cypress counter in front of the eagerly waiting customer a few seconds later. Absolute freshness of the fish is the all-important factor for good sushi. How about the original prestige of sushi in Japan? Nowadays, the number of Japanese restaurants grew dramatically. The number of Japanese restaurants is more than a hundred source in Hong Kong. Most of them are located in business and shopping districts such as Mongkok, TsimShaShui. Sushi seems a must in the menu of all Japanese restaurants. Hong Kong people become the main consumers of sushi. The sushi business is booming and has continued to expand in the market. The expansion of the Japanese community and the impressive economic growth in Hong Kong has helped increase the popularity of Japanese cuisine. Also, many Japanese expatriates are culturally exclusive and want to maintain the Japanese way of life in Hong Kong. So, Japanese cultural such as restaurants, supermarkets and shops have increased. transition Hong Kong is one of the fastest growing and most vibrant economies in Asia. People have more money to spend on good foods and dining out has become very common. It also calls food paradise where residents and tourists can taste different types of foreign foods. Hong Kong is a multi- racial place so that we can enjoy various cuisines such as Malay, Indian, Thai, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Indonesian and Peranakan. As a result, Hong Kong becomes an attractive place for investment in the food business for the above reasons. Hence, Hong Kong people have interested in running Japanese restaurants. Nowadays, sushi has become quite popular among young people who have strong consuming power and high adaptability. WHY SUSHI IS SO POPULAR IN HONG KONG? Localization is an important reason in the sushi culture. Sushi has been transformed from an exclusive and exotic Japanese food into an affordable and localized Japanese food. In addition, the flavor and content of sushi have been altered to accommodate the local taste in Hong Kong. Exotic appeal is another factor of success. Sushi has been localized enough to suit the local taste, but not too much to undermine its exotic appeal. But sushi is still Japanese. Young people think it is fashionable to eat sushi. Eating sushi seems more fashionable and not traditional for them. Sushi is more than a food or a commercial product, it also has cultural and national meanings. Eating sushi itself can be a cultural encounter. People are impressed by many things they experience in a sushi restaurant, including the display of plastic sushi in the window, the use of beautiful Japanese utensils, the Japanese greetings and hospitality, the conveyer belt and the colors and the taste of sushi. As a result, eating sushi is not only can make Hong Kong people feel Japanese, but also international. The status of Hong Kong is an international city with a multi-racial and multi-cultural society. Sushi can be seen as a form of Japanese popular culture. The boom of Japanese popular culture in Hong Kong boosted the consumption of sushi. Nowadays, sushi is a must in high tea, buffet and reception parties in hotels and luxurious restaurants. Sushi is not only a food and a business, but also a tradition. Some people see globalization as generating increasing homogeneity, while others see it producing diversity and heterogeneity through increased hybridization. Globalization and define its causes and effects especially in relation to environmental and cultural development. Globalization as a highly complex, contradictory, and thus ambiguous set of institutions and social relations, as well as involving flows of goods, services, ideas, technologies, cultural forms, and people (Appadurai 1996). Globalization means different things to different people. Some say it is the movement of people, language, ideas, and products around the world. Others see it as the dominance of multinational corporations and the destruction of cultural identities.

Dantes Inferno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dantes Inferno - Essay Example .." subordinator, and ending with main clauses that open with "so..." Rendered by a single translator, these similes tie together disparate styles encountered between analogies; codified by a recurring language of analogy, they give us a dark comfort just as Homer's tropes of analogy--"Wine dark sea," "Rose fingered dawn"--comfort us. If we can safely assume that what we have accomplished sounds better than prose, can we also believe that we have dislodged Dante's sense little enough to justify the effort It all comes down to no more and no less than that. It seems fair to conclude with a test case. Here is the lovely simile, a mixture of Virgilian pastoral and everyday Tuscan agricultural elements that opens Inferno 24, first in John Sinclair's prose, and then in our free verse. The situation is this: Virgil has been irritated by the mocking of his intelligence by the shade of a Jovial Friar from Bologna, since he had been tricked by a devil and almost gotten Dante killed in an ambush: Dante's style changes with different speakers and settings, and the translator must adjust his style to suit that variety. Francesca's mode in telling of the love that brought her to hell, is very different from the tone Ulysses uses in recalling how he inspired his men to follow him to the ends of the earth. Bertran de Born, holding his head up like a lantern as he tells his sin, has a voice very different from Ugolino's expression of pain and vicious fury. Language and mood shift with the shifting canvas. The simile of the arsenal in Venice as the workmen caulk their unsound ships' with viscous pitch' which introduces the scene devoted to the devils of barratry is different in language and mood from the hoarfrost' image of a country scene evoked to describe the protagonist's feelings of relief at seeing Virgil smile again. Dante succeeds in commemorating not only the paramount movement from visual to verbal levels but the contrary movement from the verbal surface to the picture or vision that lies behind it. The acrostics are something between writing and picture. They have neither the differentiated articulation of a discursive argument nor the representative density of a picture, nor are they as schematic as a diagram, although their numerological distribution has diagrammatic elements. They instantiate rather the locus of a contest among the arts. On the side of vision is the immediacy that places as a picture in "logical space" the Dantean message of man's connection with pride--the fundamental sin. Vision, not discourse, is that toward which the power of the poet

Climate Change Essay and development Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Climate Change and development - Essay Example The history has been witness to gradual and abrupt climate change through the millions of years which has been responsible for extinction of living organisms, including plants, animals and human life. The industrial revolution has been catalyst to the exploitation of natural resources like coal, wood and other types of natural resources. The post WWI has witnessed great leap in the advancing technology and increasing exploitation of natural resources like oil and natural gas. In 1970s and 80s, women’s contribution to the development processes had been recognized. In the southern countries like South East Asia, Africa, Australia etc. the exploitation of natural resources have been part of the development processes which have huge implications for environment and sustainable development. World development report asserts that if left unmanaged, the climate change will reverse development progress and compro ­mise the well-being of current and future generations (WDR, 2010). The human threats to the environment comprise of many significant factors that are important ingredients of development process. Population growth in the last quarter of the century saw an unprecedented increase in population bringing new challenges in its wake. Pielke et al. (2003) claim that climate change, causing extreme weather conditions and natural calamities, are much greater when they occur in regions having poor infrastructure, huge populations etc. The fast advancing technology and rapid globalization, including local migration, has adversely affected the ecological conditions. Carbon emission and green house effects are also major factors for climate change. The various drivers of climate greatly contribute towards sustenance of life and determine characteristics and distribution of ‘natural and managed system including the cryosphere, hydrology and water resources,

Dctionary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dctionary - Essay Example One of the more distinguishing features of the word flourish as entered in both dictionaries, Encarta Concise English Dictionary 2001 and The Chambers Dictionary 1998 is the phonetic system used as a pronunciation guide. Encarta employs its own phonetic alphabet, as the pronunciation is clearly not comparable to the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. The same could be said about the entry of the pronunciation of the word 'flourish' in the Chambers Dictionary. Both pronunciation symbols incorporated the accent sign found above the second syllable of the word. In the vocabulary section, both dictionaries enter the word once in bold fonts except that Encarta enters short definitions of the word in bold face provided with numbering but separated according to parts of speech, and for this entry, Encarta begins with the meaning of the word flourish as a verb which is numbered one to three, followed by five noun definitions, numbered one to five. Chambers dictionary also separated the definitions according to parts of speech, which include the word as a verb and then, noun but added an adjective definition as additional grammatical information.

The Impact Of Globalisation For Children

The Impact Of Globalisation For Children Introduction There are varying definitions of globalisation as it spans across a wide spectrum affecting many aspects of our lives. For this paper, it will focus on evaluating the inferred consequences of globalisation on children and families including poverty, economic growth, political organisations, migration and displacements, inequality, climate change and cultural influence. The challenges faced by children and families are onerous. Whatever the implications and effects, children are most vulnerable. Their lives depend on what we do for them in this age of globalisation. They are our future and how we deal with the various components of globalisation, will affect the future. Political The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), 1989, acts as a paramount umbrella that sets minimum standards for governments to uphold childrens rights to basic needs, healthcare, education, legal and social services in their countries. Currently organisations such as United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), World Bank, World Health Organisation (WHO) and other Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) support developing countries with infrastructural and financial assistance to alleviate poverty and provide care and education to under developing children. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) support developed countries in investing into building human and social capital to increase skills and knowledge to tackle famine. While governments in developed countries take a pro-active role in promoting and establishing national frameworks in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), these services are operated by private entrepreneurs in developing countries. Equity and accessibility becomes questionable as political alliances between countries and organisations set their own agendas marginalising resource poor countries. For instance, the World Bank, with the US as its biggest investor, works with private corporations serving the interests of rich nations by exploiting the cheap labour and resources from the developing countries. Funds could be better used to assist in raising the standard of living and improve the lives of families and children in poor and developing countries. Economic Economic growth is pivotal to lifting people above the basic sustenance level in developing countries. But focus on economic growth alone does not reduce poverty. Save The Children, 2010, argues that without a more nuanced discussion on the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction, children will not fully gain from the potential benefits of growth. Unequal distribution of wealth and benefits is hampering the banishment of poverty. Policies that favour labour intensive industries such as agriculture and small enterprises have a greater effect on poverty than growth in the financial services. Money may be flooding into the country but only to a select few stand to gain. In terms of child mortality and combating under-nutrition, countries that record moderate economic growth fare the best; those with poor growth had worse results; but surprisingly, countries with outstanding rate of growth did not fare very well (Gabriele and Schettino, 2007). Recent statistics released estimated over 40% reductions in global under-five mortality rate since 1990 (IGME, 2012). Notwithstanding a higher indicator of life chances for children across the globe, the continual widening income gap will cause a reversal in the current improvement of mortality rate. Policies should target specific elements of pro-poor growth strategies that promote equality, redistribution and eradication of poverty. Ultimately, it is the improvement of the quality of life for the poor that matters; where children are given their rightful place in education, child growth, health and opportunities to further their future. Climate Change Climate change has been identified as the biggest global health threat to children in the 21st century (Save the Children, 2009). The Greenhouse effects largely caused by human activities are now experienced by countries throughout the world. The impact made by climate change on food security, healthcare, clean water supply and livelihoods has a profound influence on urbanisation, migration, poverty and armed conflict. Climate change affects national healthcare budgets. Less developed countries already buffeted by the disintegration of healthcare services and infrastructure; grapple with any crippling effects of climate change affecting the economy. The sum effect put children and their families at greatest risk. Children under 5 years are most vulnerable to its consequences. Poor families could be pushed into the deeper end of their troubles bringing about long term consequences on their childrens survival. Millions of children in affected areas suffer from malnutrition and babies are born malnourished and/or with anomalies. For example, children from the poorest 20% of households in many developing countries have up to 5 times the mortality rate of children from the richest 20% households (DHS, 2009). Migration and Displacement Globally, there is an increase in economic migration driven by income disparities, exploitation, and demand for labour. Mass migration leads to growing urbanisation because it is perceived to offer more stability for people who come from agricultural and natural resource-based livelihoods. It is estimated that millions of urban-dwellers in low and middle income countries are living in poverty with lack of access to clean water and decent sanitation (UN-Habitat, 2003). Slums and overcrowding plague many cities where poorly constructed homes and densely populated areas pose greater risks of fires, disease outbreaks and disasters endangering many children. Millions, both poor and affluent, could be displaced by the next 40 to 50 years due to climate change. While most will move within their own countries, many will also cross international borders (UNFCCC, 2008). A research by Save the Children, 2008, found that children tend to move independently or with their parents due to war, natural disasters or to support their families. Moving alone to escape from poverty, exploitation, calamities, pursuing better educational or job opportunities can pose grave dangers for children as they face the risk of exploitation and abuse. The influx of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers to any given country threatens the local infrastructure as it leads to competitive scrambling of health, education and shelter resources which will have serious impact on child survival. Inequality and Social Injustice The richest 5% people in the world receive 114 times the income of the poorest 5% population (Kirby, 2006). The globalisation trend of widening income gap is altering the structures of families, economies and society. Such persistent disparity would result in dire consequences for families and their children in terms of security and social stability. Compared to the poor, children and families from affluent households have better access to healthcare, education, legal and social services. Gender inequality is prevalent in most patriarchal societies. If one gender is considered more economically and socially viable than another, resources would be unequally distributed. Access to services is limited for women and girls in societies where the male gender receives preferential treatment. Globalisation is creating a ballooning underclass that is struggling due to growing income gaps and lack of job opportunities. This presents an ideal environment for international criminal syndicates who are spreading cancerous crimes that exploit and victimise women and children e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal trade. Shift in Family Structure Globalisation has reshaped family structures into a more diverse profile. It has altered the roles of parents, women, family structure, and child rearing practices. Today, the traditional role of women as caregivers can be assumed by fathers, extended families, guardians and domestic helps. As more women join the workforce, demand for early childhood services increases provided they are accessible, affordable and of quality. In most patriarchal societies, expectations of child rearing remain the mainstay of women while work, whether formal or informal, adds to their burden. The worldwide trend in increasing divorce rates is pushing the likelihood of single parenthood (usually headed by a woman) as an alternative viable lifestyle in developed and developing countries. Cultural Globalisation Mass migration further extends the perimeters of diversity in multicultural societies. Adjustment to new cultural framework causes transitional disequilibrium from set beliefs to new influences. Culture is transient. Throughout history, the retention, evolution or desertion of personal beliefs were outcomes of exchanges, religious conversions, conquests and colonisation. Cultural beliefs and practices affect family structure and function as well as childrens sense of identity and belonging. In many Asian and sub-Saharan societies, collective mentality is the prevalent social perspective; placing others before self. Child rearing is viewed as a shared responsibility within the interdependent community and such notion deters individualism. Western child rearing philosophies promotes individualism. The exposure of Western influences has not threatened the existence of indigenous cultures but its assimilation may be deemed beneficial. Media and Technology Globalisation facilitates cultural imperialism where the export of movies and music, particularly from the West, has widespread influence in the world. The advent of the internet extends the influence to a far wider reach exposing children to a myriad range of content which can be beneficial or detrimental. Consumer technology is another effect of globalisation. Computers and mobile phones have become an integral part of our lives especially in the affluent societies. Children today are much more conversant with technology. However, over-dependence and overuse of such devices by children could compromise their interactive and inter-personal skills development. The media coupled with technology are influential in shaping values, beliefs and lifestyle. Other Risk Factors AIDS today is a worldwide problem and globalisation has played no small part in the spread of this disease. Numbers are growing in Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. AIDS through heterosexual transmission is prevalent in Africa. Globalisation through geographical mobility extends the spread of the HIV. Women and children with HIV in developing countries are ostracised from the community usually without or with little medical help. Wars not only destroy lives but have detrimental effects on children. Reduced food supply contributes to the lack of nutrition for children. Healthcare becomes scarce as priorities are diverted, for example, money spent on arms instead of vaccinations. Education opportunities are reduced in times of war. Children are separated from their families through death and evacuation usually leading to their abandonment. Conclusion The effects of globalisation affecting families and children are long term and far-reaching. The many issues raised merely highlights the complexities and never-ending debate as to what measures are needed and how they can be implemented for the improvement in quality of life and proper raising of children with the provision of at least the basic necessities. On the macro level, governments and international organisations with vast resources at their disposal, should question their commitment to help. They can certainly do more by putting aside differences, biasness and ulterior motives. Schools, service providers, parents and caregivers should continue to fulfil their responsibilities in making the best effort in the upbringing of children regardless of cultural bias and work demands.

My Life, My Emotions Essay -- Essay About Myself

We are who we pretend to be, so we must be careful of who we pretend to be – Kurt Vonnegut â€Å"Theme- a subject of discourse, discussion, meditation, or composition; topic (Dictionary.com).† A theme is something that makes up a huge, important part of a story: it gives the story an identity. A theme holds the story all together, and the theme that holds my story together is Whirlwind of Emotions. My life is full of ups and downs, so there is no one emotion that rules my life. These emotions come at unpredictable times, and I affect everyone around me in a negative or a positive way as a result. There are five major emotions that affect me randomly at times: Contemplative, Stressed Out, Ambitious, Maniacal, and Hopefulness, and there are five different sources that represent each of the emotions in my life and theme. â€Å"I am a completely different person when I am contemplative. I feel more enlightened (Couldridge 2014).† According to Dictionary.com, contemplative means, â€Å"thoughtful observation.† When I am contemplative, I am more aware of the events going on around me, in a positive way. I feel like I can accomplish anything if I really try my best. I usually feel this way when I am at religious services, when I can look inward and feel enlightened. â€Å"I am at pure peace (Couldridge 2014).† I act like a completely different person when I’m contemplative; I’m calmer and able to do a lot more things than if I was stressed out. I get a whole lot of things done quicker, easier, and better when I am contemplative. â€Å"I notice things that I would never see in a rage (Couldridge 2014).† I feel, at those points in my life, like I am in control, and not a ticking time bomb that everyone needs to watch their step around. At these mome... ...gs driving me to do dangerous or safe things. My Whirlwind of Emotions theme describes my life, and the five sources also give anyone a better understanding of what they are and how they affect me. Works Cited 1. Couldridge, Lily. Personal Interview. 20 April 2014 2. Dictionary.com.Dictionary.com Team, 2014. Web. 4 May 2014. 3. Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap for Mankind†. NASA. NASA,19 July 2013. Web. 20 April 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11_40th.html#.U2a7bDdOUdU 4. Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Yet Taken†. Bartleby.com. N.D. Web. 20 April 2014. http://www.bartleby.com/119/1.html 5. Park, Linkin. â€Å"Breaking the Habit†. Meteora. N.D. Song 6. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Raleigh, NC: Alex Catalogue, 1886. Print 7. The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web. 4 May 2014.