The Civil War Was A Grave Cause Of Many Events. Many People

The civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a chain reaction to many following eras. One of the most prominent eras that emerged from the civil war was the reconstruction era. The reconstruction era emerged around 1865 and continued until 1877. This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union. The States were divided into the Union (North) and Confederacy (South). The Division of Nation It was in 1860 when the United states was divided. The states were divided into free states, confederate states, and slaves states that supported the union. The†¦show more content†¦Many things were put into play to ensure true reconstruction for both the states and Blacks. Leading up to the Reconstruction Lincoln put into play a couple of things. Pre reconstruction was created just before the reconstruction era to some plans into place to ensure full usage of the reconstruction era. some plans put into place to consisted of the Emancipation Proclamation and the ten percent plan. Programs and place that were put into place during the Reconstruction era included the forty acres, Freedmen s bureau was established, freedmen s savings bank was created, the pardons policy was created, the 13th amendment is ratified. It was the 1st of December in the year of 1865 that President Andrew Johnson declares the reconstruction act complete. Although Johnson declared it to be the end of reconstruction many movements followed ensuring the best outcome for the era, there also movements that were created in resistance to what the civil war stood for, The end of the war resulted in the the growth of the south, the founding of Ku Klux Klan, the civil rights bill was passed, racial violence increases, state s returned to the union, and many more. Before reconstruction Lincoln implemented the ten percent rule. The ten percent rule asserted that the rebel states would be able to be readmitted into the Union only under the condition that ten percent of itsShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War By James M. Mcpherson964 Words   |  4 PagesJames M. McPherson sets out to discover what motivated the Confederate and Union soldiers to continue fighting in the Civil War in his book What They Fought For. McPherson analyses nearly a thousand letters, journals, and diary of Union and Confederate soldiers to determine what urged them to fight is this defining American Conflict. McPherson reads and groups together the common thoughts of the everyday soldier, from their letters and journals that none of which had been subjected to any sort ofRead MoreDust Tracks632 Words   |  3 PagesDust Tracks on a Road Hurston’s Dust Tracks on a Road depicts the struggle and journey of growing up in a predominately African American society. She displays how African Americans were curtailed to nothing after the Civil War and how it was quite difficult to commence a town on their own of there own race. Her autobiography entails the very candid moments of the Harlem Renaissance. As the novel is exposed in the opening chapter the subject matter is revealed and it entails Zora Neale Hurston’sRead MoreContribution of Different Groups to the Civil War and an Analysis of the Gettysburg Address731 Words   |  3 Pagesdescent fought in the Civil War, but the following groups also made significant contributions: Free Blacks Black soldiers Women in the North Women in the South Native Americans Which of these groups had the greatest influence in the course of the war? Why? Which of these groups was most influenced by the war? Slavery was a complicated issue for Northern whites. As pointed out by historian Kevin M. Schultz (2011), Northerners were generally in agreement that slavery was wrong, yet they wereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Sniper By Liam O Flaherty1274 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme of war. O’Flaherty has served in Ireland’s armed forces, which gives him experience on the topic of war. He typically relates his stories’ settings to Ireland and its people. This is reasonable, for he was born and raised in Ireland and served in Ireland’s military. One of his more renowned fables, which includes both the theme of war and the setting of Ireland, is the short story â€Å"The Sniper.† â€Å"The Sniper† takes place in Dublin, Ireland during the Irish Civil War. The protagonistRead MoreReconstruction and the Myth of the Lost Cause1511 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the Civil war, the Union was reestablished in racism. Reconstruction was the constitutional effort (13th, 14th, 15th amendment) of the north to force the south to treat the freed slaves as citizens. Reconstruction failed miserably. It is one of the least glorious parts of American history. Some nationalists like to think that there are no badly edifying chapters of America, and decide to forget about it. The civil war was one of the big three events along with the Revolution and World War Two. EverybodyRead MoreThe American Civil War and Its Inevitability Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pages The Civil War was the bloodiest and most violent war in all of Americas history. Not only did it pit brother against brother and father against son, but it also caused more deaths than all of Americas wars befor e or since combined. The cause for the Civil War was not a single event; instead it was a combination of several. In general, the South felt overpowered by the North socially, economically, and culturally. The two sides’ ways of life were completely different in every aspect of the wordRead MoreThe Major Causes Of The American Civil War1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War was the bloodiest and most violent war in all of Americas history. Not only did it pit brother against brother and father against son, but it also caused more deaths than all of Americas wars before or since combined. The cause for the Civil War was not a single event; instead it was a combination of several. In general, the South felt overpowered by the North socially, economically, and culturally. The two sides’ ways of life were completely different in every aspect of the wordRead MoreAnalysis Of Clara Barton s Life1322 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Clara Barton had many accomplishments throughout her life in all her endeavors. Her story begins at a young age and continues into her career as a valuable individual saving lives as a nurse. The accumulation of events and contributing factors that Barton experienced from her childhood into her adult years shaped her into the nurse remembered in history and helped mold the face of nursing for the future. Background Clara Barton is most notably remembered for her accomplishments, withRead MorePerspectives Of Hamlet During The Elizabethan Era1604 Words   |  7 PagesPerspectives of Hamlet during the Elizabethan Era By: Aanshi Gandhi One of the many beautiful aspects of art is that it gets perceived in many unique ways depending on the viewer’s cultural, political and social views and standpoints. Literature experiences different interpretations all the time and authors use this to their advantage to create a piece of work which remains evergreen. Shakespeare evidently utilises this technique in his most intriguing, and fascinating literary piece, Hamlet. StuckRead More American Freedom - No Greater Gift Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe shimmer of morning frost still graces their elegant arches as the brisk air begins to take on a slightly warmer tone. In this quiet hour, not quite night, yet still not day, one lone man stands respectfully next to a small, almost insignificant grave stone. His head hangs slightly bowed, and except for the small hunch in his back, he stands at perfect attention. Unnoticed by the swirling city around him, he slowly removes his cap and looks out across the hill before him. His gaze sweeps over

The Resolution Of The Hostages On The Basis Of...

Initially, the President’s response was to appeal for the release of the hostages on the basis of humanitarian grounds, but this was ineffective against the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line because their main goal was to bring the Shah and the United States to justice, and taking hostages was just a means to do so. Since there were so many hostages taken, the United States had to tread carefully with their diplomacy. They were the ones against odds with everything to lose. The United States should have given an ultimatum earlier on in the hostage crisis, when the motives and end goals of the Muslim Students were not fully determined (Harris, 54). The hostage crisis also paved the way for an increase of political power among Muslim extremist groups such as the Irainian Mujahedin; which would then split into two groups known today as Al-Qaeda and ISIS (Cold War Museum). Many of theses extremist groups saw the hostage crisis as a war to end American imperialism. The Muslim Students that took hostages decided early on that their quarrel was with American diplomats, so the militants released thirteen women and African Americans just weeks into the hostage crisis. And finally, one hostage, Richard Queen, was released during July of 1980 when he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Contrary to common belief, the hostages were actually moved from the embassy to prisons in Tehran by August of 1980 (Baqr, 97). President Jimmy Carter was in the midst of his first term,Show MoreRelatedThe Syrian Conflict Of The United Nations2077 Words   |  9 Pagesspecific documents like the Rome Statute, the United Nations 2005 Outcome Document, the United Nations Charter, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by comparing the current Syrian conflict to the Libyan Security Council resolutions 1970 and 1973. Lastly, this paper will provide options for Prime Minister Trudeau for Canada s participation under the legal jurisdiction of inte rnational law in response to the Syrian conflict. The current situation in Syria can be traced backRead MoreM V Sirius Star Ship3176 Words   |  13 Pagesof the attack, the ship was haulage the 25 member crew, consisting of 19 Filipinos, 2 Britons, 2 Poles, 2 Croat and 1 Saudi Arabian and a full load of 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) of crude oil — more than one-quarter of Saudi Arabia’s on a daily basis oil production output, and worth at least US$100 million and was bounce for the United States via the Cape of Good Hope. RANSOM DEMAND AND DEADLINE On 19 November, the suspected pirate, Farah Abd Jameh, provided information regarding the ransom byRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesto Reduce Tensions and Prevent War 41 CHAPTER 16: The Law of the Sea 43 CHAPTER 17: The Constitutional Framework for the Division of Nat’l Security Powers Between Congress, the President and the Court 48 The 1973 War Powers Resolution 49 II. The War Powers Resolution: A Debate between JNM and Frederick Tipson 50 CHAPTER 18: The National Security Process 60 CHAPTER 19: intelligence and Counterintelligence 63 CHAPTER 20: Access to Information 65 CHAPTER 21: Freedom of Expression 70 CHAPTERRead More Saddam, Iraq, And The Gulf War Essay3471 Words   |  14 Pagessome wars that have attained much support, and much has even given people pride and joy. How ironic, and morbid, that a war could give a person feelings of joy or pride. World War I and World War II were incredibly popular, since people thought the basis of democracy was at stake. During both wars, people were so committed to winning the war, and had such a sense of self-sacrifice, our nation showed incredible unity for such a diverse country. Support for food and fuel rationing was overwhelming, highRead MoreThe Congo Crisis: an International Perspective Essay example6247 Words   |  25 Pagesout of Zanzibar in East Africa. In the late 19th Century, European industrialization and the rise of new powers such as Germany led to a growing interest in acquiring African colonies, ostensibly to uplift and civilize the natives. One such â€Å"humanitarian† venture was the International Congo Society of Là ©opold II King of the Belgians, which like other colonial ventures was a front for the actual exploitation of Africa’s vast natural resources and population base. King Là ©opold began his privateRead MoreRp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement12890 Words   |  52 Pagesand concerns and to provide a broader perspective in dealing with VFA, this study generally aim to established grounds and provide explanations why the Philippines opted for the VFA Balikatan Exercises as a framework for internal and external security strategy des pite strong public resistance. Specifically, it wanted to answer the following questions: 1. What are the bases or grounds in renewing security ties with the Americans through VFA after the abrogation of the US military Bases AgreementRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagescontamination caused by the Bhopal Factory. The Judge has requested that plaintiff s attorney Sharma be notified regarding examination of documents before the appropriate courts in India. Two appeals on this behalf of people affected by soil and ground water contamination from Bhopal, are currently pending before the Second circuit Court of Appeals, which was decided in favour of the Bhopal victims on two earlier occasions. If successfully the legal action in the US Federal Court will force UnionRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmore severe and widely distributed throughout societies across the globe than at any other time in human history. She traces the ways in which humanitarian impulses—which were often linked to pacifist movements and largely confined to visionary leaders, social thinkers, and small groups of activists in the 1890s—were institutionalized on a global basis by the establishment of the League of Nations and its subsidiary agencies in the aftermath of the catastrophic war that engulfed much of the worldRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pages(ii) to recommend to the President the grant of pardon and other forms of executive clemency; (iii) to authorize the transfer of residence of parolees and pardonees, order their arrest and recommitment, or grant their final release and discharge. 2. Basis for Grant of Parole BPP may grant parole if it finds that: (i) the prisoner is fit to be released; (ii) there is a reasonable probability that, if released, he or she will live and remain at liberty without violating the law; and (iii) his or herRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesstructure. This is an entirely new concept for our people. We have a lack of team spirit in the organization. I m not sure if it is simply the result of poor communications. I think it goes further than that. Our priorities get shifted on a weekly basis, and this produces a demoralizing effect. As a result, we cannot get our people to live up to either their old or new commitments. We have a very strong mix of degreed and nondegreed personnel. All new, degreed personnel must prove themselves

J Edgar Hoover Free Essays

string(10684) " with special agent in charge \(SAC\) To ensure compliance and Inspection Division was created Hoover created standardization of work practices Printed form for interview reports Dress code similar for all agents Agents became interchangeable Follow of rules and instructions of Hover’s Manual of Investigations Hoover modernizes National registry of finger prints Training course for new agents \(assisted with public image which was at all time low in 1924\) In 1932 he opened the Bureaus first crime lab Extensive filing system was used New powers 1934 Congress passed 9 crime bills now under federal Jurisdiction Agents could carry guns and make arrests Kidnapping made Federal Offence after Lindbergh case 1933-34 CERN-en wave Frank Nash Known as most successful bank robber in USA during ass’s On 17th of June 1933 he was murdered along with 4 law enforcement agents in a gangs attempt to free him from his prisoner status Union Station, Kansas City Massacre George â€Å"Machine Gun† Kelly Gangster in prohibition era Nicknamed for favorite weapon Most famous crime was kidnapping businessman oil tycoon Rescuer in July 1933 and getting \$200000 ransom Rescuer and Kelly both left considerable evidence for FBI investigation and he was arrested in Memphis on 26th September 1933 John Dillinger Bank robber during depression era His gang robbed 24 banks and 4 police stations Escaped from Jail twice Charged but not convicted with murder of Indiana police officer Eventually shot by Purview’ men and Purview received mass amounts of publicity for this angering Hoover who eventually made him resign Charles â€Å"pretty boy’ Floyd Bank robber His criminal exploits gained a lot of media coverage in asses K illed by policeman Part of Kansas City Massacre Bonnie and Clyde Outlaws and bank robbers during depression era with their gang Their exploits caught attention of public About a dozen bank robberies but Clyde preferred smaller stores and petrol stations Gang killed police officers and several civilians Ambushed and killed by police officer in 1934 Creepy Carpi’s Alvin Carpi’s was part of Carpi’s-Barker gang The gang were one of most notorious during the asses Killed anyone who got in their way even innocent bystanders Spent 26 years in Electoral Prison Ma Barker Mother of several criminals in barker gang Was killed in shoot out with FBI Hoover described her as â€Å"the most vicious, dangerous and resourceful criminal brain of the last decade† Lindbergh Case 20 month old toddler of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh was kidnapped from home n East Mammal New Jersey on 1st of March 1932 Over 2 months later his body was found near the home death by electric chair Bal used their lab to compare ransom notes with Heptagon’s handwriting Bal conducted illegal searches on Heptagon’s home Used this case as example of their successes in modern scientific policing FBI Response â€Å"The whole of the Biâ €™s main thrust was not investigation but public relations and propaganda to glorify its director† Sullivan Hoover chose to systematically eliminate the glorified gangsters who were defaming the government and its laws During the rime wave the public bean to understand the greater need for federal law enforcement to deal with localized crime issues This led to further acts becoming federal offences \(see rising power\) Hoover In The Media A comic strip depicting Hoover was sanctioned by him, it reflected his venture into popular culture and the shift in the publics perception of federal police work Public becoming increasingly interested in Hover’s private life \(eating habits and home life\) Hollywood interpreted Hoover in gangster film in 1935 and his FBI agents were known as government men or G-men 65 movies in 1935 made positive reference to FBI All these movies, comics and radio from time demonstrated the US societies acceptance of the growing role of FBI and its positive role in shaping society Projected them as the good guys Reporters hyped up their image in praising articles Walter Trojan 0 spread writing with elements of high conspiracy in FBI and wrote particularly about incompetence and negative aspects of Hoover and Bureau Role Of FBI Dung Roosevelt Chosen attorney general was Homer Cummings Cummings published a public enemies list that directed against crime wave Hoover left to own devices since Cummings didn’t FBI under attack from conservatives 0 FBI associated with new deal and growing power of federal governments Investigated American Nazis and right-wing critics â€Å"Hoover now welcomed Roosevelt initiative as providing formal presidential authorization for radical investigations† Theories â€Å"FBI expanded tremendously in authority, Jurisdiction and size during Fads first 2 administrationsâ₠¬  Gentry In 1936 FED instructed Hoover to keep him informed of all fascist and communists in USA \(subversive activities\) FED wanted Hoover to discreetly provide this information Hoover used this to increase his surveillance and his ‘Custodial Detention List’ people who should be rounded up in event of war By 1939 Hoover revived his General Intelligence Division Hoover established a school to train linguists Secret intelligence Service Created in 1940 Collected information about German espionage activities in central and south America Censorship Arranged to have all mail open from certain individuals Filed information for personal use \(without president or attorney general knowing\) The ZOOS and Donovan William Donovan appointed by FED to head the Office of Coordinator of Information later named the Office of Strategic Services \(ZOOS\)\) Granted the power to gather information from overseas ZOOS reported directly to Roosevelt Hoover saw Donovan as threat to power so launched investigation in attempt to discredit him Hoover wanted to expand FBI Jurisdiction to be the only US intelligence agency in world Hoover lobbied for ZOOS to be disbanded af ter war FED wanted FBI and British Intelligence to have close relationship but Hoover found the British to support Donovan ZOOS eventually wound down but FBI didn’t get to expand into foreign intelligence Other Within 72 hours of Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941 the FBI arrested 4000 Japanese, German and Italian aliens Mass internment of more then 70,000 Japanese American citizens â€Å"The war helped his reputation as America’s Watchdog – always alert and on guard† Denned and Dixon Post War â€Å"Hoover was more powerful than tan the presidents he served† Painter Harry S Truman 1945-1953 \(D\) Didn’t have good relationship Truman didn’t want personal contact, only though attorney general or aide Truman fired Donovan and abolished ZOOS Consequently Hoover suggested expanding FBI overseas \(Truman had no intention of his\) Truman tried to cut back the FBI budget in 1946 and limit power White House leak Someone in white house leaked information to press about talks between Harry Hopkins and Stalin Truman turned to Hoover to discover culprit FBI set up series of wire taps Republican party had control of congress Truman barred congressmen from FBI f iles Hoover ignored ban and leaked information to congressmen who wanted to advance anti-communist cause \(information acquired illegally\) Communism and Spies â€Å"Make America a great and decent place to live in† Hoover Hoover wanted to show angers of communism and that Truman wasn’t equipped â€Å"Communism in reality is not a political party, it is a way of life, an evil and malignant way of life† Hoover Hoover convinced there was a communist conspiracy to overthrow government Senator McCarthy Accused some of the most influential Americans of being communists â€Å"if there is one communist in the state department, that’s one too many’ McCarthy McCarthy used Hoover as a source of information to support accusations Hoover used McCarthy as tool to advance his regressive agenda McCarthy was getting out of control 0 began to Ritchie Eisenhower for being to soft on communists McCarthy revealed letter from army Hoover denied sending the letter Hoov er ended McCarthy career whilst preserving own In 1954 Hoover complained to president that McCarthy was impending the Ibis investigations of communists 0 Hoover cut McCarthy off from any FBI support McCarthy fell quickly and the senate voted to sanction him â€Å"Hoover didn’t like him, because McCarthy had supplanted the FBI director as the nations chief enemy of communism† Delilah Dwight D Eisenhower 1953-1961 \(R\) Good relationship â€Å"He gave Hoover anything he could have wanted† Powers Hoover sided with Eisenhower \(5 star general in oval office\) when McCarthy was hunting out communists in army Mafia Denied existence of crime organization claiming they were disconnected groups which local police could deal with Mafia involved in gambling and horse racing which Hoover partook in It is believed his denial stemmed from mobsters \(Costello\) who gave him tips on fixed races â€Å"No one would ever know how many raced I had to fix for that bastard† Fr ank Costello â€Å"Hoover was in our pocket, he was not someone we needed to fear† Carmine Lombardi CONTINENTAL Counter intelligence program established 1956 Aim to infiltrate and disrupt activities of communist party in US Series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by FBI 85% of CONTINENTAL resources were used on infiltrating and disrupting suspected subversive groups Other 15% used on marshalling white hate groups Directives issued by Hoover Methods used: infiltration, psychological warfare, harassment, extra-legal force, illegal surveillance John F Kennedy 1961-1963 \(D\) Kennedy reappoints Hoover as director Good relationship with Kennedy \(long term relationship with father\) Robert Kennedy was new Attorney General \(boss\) Tense relationship Bobby wanted to fight organized crime Hoover maintained there was no national crime syndicate Clashed in view of Afro-Americans and civil rights Assassination of JEFF Hoover called bobby to deliver news There is evidence that FBI had information on both Oswald and Jack Ruby which they failed to pass on to secret service or Warren commission Hoover ordered some key files in FBI Dallas office to be destroyed LB\] asked Hoover to complete report Lyndon B Johnson 1963-1969 LB\] waved compulsory retirement age for Hoover â€Å"the nation cannot afford to lose you† LB\] Hoover was extremely loyal to LB\] FBI used to collect political information on Lbs\." In Washington DC Parents Anne Merle and Dickerson Analogy Hoover Sin filed until he was 43 Competed in debate team (against women voting and the abolition of death penalty) Nicknamed speed (stutter) and was applauded by his cool and relentless logic Father suffered from mental illness and was institutionalized â€Å"Instead of sympathizing†¦ Wasn’t kind o his father†¦ Couldn’t bear imperfection least of all in the humans around him especially those who he was closest too† Summers Education Bachelor of Laws from George Washington University Law School in 1916 Masters of Law in same university 191 7 Early Work When he was 18 he accepted his first Job; an entry level position as messenger In the orders department In library of Congress Interest lay In areas with access to Immense amounts of Information â€Å"This Job†¦ Trained me In the value of collating material. It gave e an excellent foundation for my work in the FBI where it has been necessary to collate information and evidence† J E. Hoover Clerk at Justice Department July 1917 Hoover Joined Justice Department as a clerk on legal staff 1917 Wilson had given the Justice Department authorization to apprehend and detain enemy aliens Hoover exempt from conscription with Job Put in charge of gathering information of enemy aliens By late 1917 with spreading of Marxism due to Russian Revolution Hoover began monitoring radicals and communists who supported Bolsheviks Library Job helped him In organizing Information â€Å"He made sure he was valuable to the people above him† Sue Responded Character Puritanical â€Å"He was a tyrant about other things. We will write a custom essay sample on J Edgar Hoover or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was still a strong streak of the puritan in him† Gentry Importance of a good name Concerned about good name (himself/DOS) â€Å"In Washington, during the Harding Administration, the DOS had become known as he Department of Easy Virtue. After a time Hoover simply said he work for the government† Gentry Dedicated professional â€Å"Scrupulousness and loyalty to superiors† Thermals and Cox â€Å"Hoover gave every evidence of being a dedicated professional† Thermals and Cox â€Å"Hoover convinced Stone of the Bureau’s Improved professionalism† Thermals and Cox Hover’s Attitude TO work Long hours Fastidious Collected ‘ever growing files’ Obsessed by files and how to exploit them â€Å"Hover’s own genius was not in innovation but in recognizing good ideas and finding ways to implement them† Theories and Cox Rise To Power Under Attorney Generals A. Mitchell palmer 1919-1921 Hoover appointed as special assistant to Attorney General General A Mitchell Palmer instructed Hoover to establish the General intelligence Division Aimed to crack down on the growing momentum of US radicals, socialists and communists arising from Russian revolution Known as ‘radical division’ Core of anti communist crusades Collected incrimination information June 2nd 1919 Anarchists mailed explosives to 36 prominent business magnates following may day riots These were successful across 12 cities including Palmers home In response the Department of Justice decided on a massive round up of foreigners (32 cities) Hoover the Bureau of Investigation’s resident expert on aliens was put in charge Hoover was given carte balance by Palmer to bring the bombers to Justice and round up all radicals Hoover used his filing skills to record info, including hearsay, rumor and fact on individuals on 450 000 index cards By October 1919 he had collected 60,000 names of people who allegedly radical and potentially dangerous organizations â€Å"He helped develop a card system on individuals and organizations and collected this information to scientifically study people who are radicals† Responded 7th November 1919 was chosen date for nationwide raids After arresting thousands of suspects, 249 radicals sent to Ellis Island for processing Deportees included 51 anarchists, 184 members of FOUR and 14 aliens Hoover and boss saw it as a resounding success for Justice Department of Justice handed 3000 blank warrants 2nd Januar y 1920 Further raids took place and agents under Hover’s supervision entered homes and organizations Arrested over 10,000 people over 33 cities Raids saw many innocent people being treated terribly by agents (beaten, deprived f food, contained in horrible cells, forced false confessions) Public outcry â€Å"Lawless acts of a mob† senate condemned â€Å"FBI had no place in immigration matters † Theories Hoover â€Å"wrote himself out† Responded â€Å"Hoovers files were very self protective as much as they are possible tools for aggression† Claire Potter Harry M. Daugherty 1921-1924 â€Å"He made himself indispensable to the new attorney general† Gentry Had established congressional base of his own Hoover flooded Daugherty with memos and intelligence on radical activities On 22nd August 1921 the new director of the Bureau William J. Burns appointed Hoover assistant chief and in charge of 346 investigators Harlan Fiske Stone 1924-1925 Herbert Hoover recommended hiring Edgar to run Bal Stone dissolved KID and prohibited Bureau wire tapping â€Å"The activities of the bureau are to be limited strictly to investigations of violations of law’ Stone Stone wanted to reduce size of Bureau by hiring more professional agents â€Å"Unlike Daugherty and Burns, Hoover gave every evidence of being a dedicated professional, which point had been repeatedly emphasized by Stone† Theories December 1924 0 Stone ended his prohibition and appointed him permanent erector â€Å"A man of exceptional intelligence, alertness and executive ability’ Stone Why Hoover Remained in Power He belonged to no political party (never voted) He demonstrated loyalty to superiors He was highly qualified for his role Director of the Bureau Reshaping Hoover accept Job with certain conditions: Bureau divorced from politics Promotions only based on a bility (not seniority or nepotism) Bureau was only responsible to attorney general â€Å"He came to an agency known for its apathy and corruption and transformed it into the most sophisticated and best know investigatory agency in the world† Phillips Hoover instructed by Stone for the Bureau to only investigate violations of federal law and to reduce staff by firing incompetents and only lire people with legal or accounting backgrounds â€Å"[Stone was] impressed by Hover’s industriousness and success in recruiting higher quality agents and imposing more rigorous standards of performance† Theories Hoover imposed discipline and accountability through chain of command Divided country in 53 unequal parts with office in each with special agent in charge (SAC) To ensure compliance and Inspection Division was created Hoover created standardization of work practices Printed form for interview reports Dress code similar for all agents Agents became interchangeable Follow of rules and instructions of Hover’s Manual of Investigations Hoover modernizes National registry of finger prints Training course for new agents (assisted with public image which was at all time low in 1924) In 1932 he opened the Bureaus first crime lab Extensive filing system was used New powers 1934 Congress passed 9 crime bills now under federal Jurisdiction Agents could carry guns and make arrests Kidnapping made Federal Offence after Lindbergh case 1933-34 CERN-en wave Frank Nash Known as most successful bank robber in USA during ass’s On 17th of June 1933 he was murdered along with 4 law enforcement agents in a gangs attempt to free him from his prisoner status Union Station, Kansas City Massacre George â€Å"Machine Gun† Kelly Gangster in prohibition era Nicknamed for favorite weapon Most famous crime was kidnapping businessman oil tycoon Rescuer in July 1933 and getting $200000 ransom Rescuer and Kelly both left considerable evidence for FBI investigation and he was arrested in Memphis on 26th September 1933 John Dillinger Bank robber during depression era His gang robbed 24 banks and 4 police stations Escaped from Jail twice Charged but not convicted with murder of Indiana police officer Eventually shot by Purview’ men and Purview received mass amounts of publicity for this angering Hoover who eventually made him resign Charles â€Å"pretty boy’ Floyd Bank robber His criminal exploits gained a lot of media coverage in asses Ki lled by policeman Part of Kansas City Massacre Bonnie and Clyde Outlaws and bank robbers during depression era with their gang Their exploits caught attention of public About a dozen bank robberies but Clyde preferred smaller stores and petrol stations Gang killed police officers and several civilians Ambushed and killed by police officer in 1934 Creepy Carpi’s Alvin Carpi’s was part of Carpi’s-Barker gang The gang were one of most notorious during the asses Killed anyone who got in their way even innocent bystanders Spent 26 years in Electoral Prison Ma Barker Mother of several criminals in barker gang Was killed in shoot out with FBI Hoover described her as â€Å"the most vicious, dangerous and resourceful criminal brain of the last decade† Lindbergh Case 20 month old toddler of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh was kidnapped from home n East Mammal New Jersey on 1st of March 1932 Over 2 months later his body was found near the home death by electric chair Bal used their lab to compare ransom notes with Heptagon’s handwriting Bal conducted illegal searches on Heptagon’s home Used this case as example of their successes in modern scientific policing FBI Response â€Å"The whole of the Biâ €™s main thrust was not investigation but public relations and propaganda to glorify its director† Sullivan Hoover chose to systematically eliminate the glorified gangsters who were defaming the government and its laws During the rime wave the public bean to understand the greater need for federal law enforcement to deal with localized crime issues This led to further acts becoming federal offences (see rising power) Hoover In The Media A comic strip depicting Hoover was sanctioned by him, it reflected his venture into popular culture and the shift in the publics perception of federal police work Public becoming increasingly interested in Hover’s private life (eating habits and home life) Hollywood interpreted Hoover in gangster film in 1935 and his FBI agents were known as government men or G-men 65 movies in 1935 made positive reference to FBI All these movies, comics and radio from time demonstrated the US societies acceptance of the growing role of FBI and its positive role in shaping society Projected them as the good guys Reporters hyped up their image in praising articles Walter Trojan 0 spread writing with elements of high conspiracy in FBI and wrote particularly about incompetence and negative aspects of Hoover and Bureau Role Of FBI Dung Roosevelt Chosen attorney general was Homer Cummings Cummings published a public enemies list that directed against crime wave Hoover left to own devices since Cummings didn’t FBI under attack from conservatives 0 FBI associated with new deal and growing power of federal governments Investigated American Nazis and right-wing critics â€Å"Hoover now welcomed Roosevelt initiative as providing formal presidential authorization for radical investigations† Theories â€Å"FBI expanded tremendously in authority, Jurisdiction and size during Fads first 2 administrationsâ₠¬  Gentry In 1936 FED instructed Hoover to keep him informed of all fascist and communists in USA (subversive activities) FED wanted Hoover to discreetly provide this information Hoover used this to increase his surveillance and his ‘Custodial Detention List’ people who should be rounded up in event of war By 1939 Hoover revived his General Intelligence Division Hoover established a school to train linguists Secret intelligence Service Created in 1940 Collected information about German espionage activities in central and south America Censorship Arranged to have all mail open from certain individuals Filed information for personal use (without president or attorney general knowing) The ZOOS and Donovan William Donovan appointed by FED to head the Office of Coordinator of Information later named the Office of Strategic Services (ZOOS)) Granted the power to gather information from overseas ZOOS reported directly to Roosevelt Hoover saw Donovan as threat to power so launched investigation in attempt to discredit him Hoover wanted to expand FBI Jurisdiction to be the only US intelligence agency in world Hoover lobbied for ZOOS to be disbanded after w ar FED wanted FBI and British Intelligence to have close relationship but Hoover found the British to support Donovan ZOOS eventually wound down but FBI didn’t get to expand into foreign intelligence Other Within 72 hours of Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941 the FBI arrested 4000 Japanese, German and Italian aliens Mass internment of more then 70,000 Japanese American citizens â€Å"The war helped his reputation as America’s Watchdog – always alert and on guard† Denned and Dixon Post War â€Å"Hoover was more powerful than tan the presidents he served† Painter Harry S Truman 1945-1953 (D) Didn’t have good relationship Truman didn’t want personal contact, only though attorney general or aide Truman fired Donovan and abolished ZOOS Consequently Hoover suggested expanding FBI overseas (Truman had no intention of his) Truman tried to cut back the FBI budget in 1946 and limit power White House leak Someone in white house leaked information to press about talks between Harry Hopkins and Stalin Truman turned to Hoover to discover culprit FBI set up series of wire taps Republican party had control of congress Truman barred congressmen from FBI files Hoover ignored ban and leaked information to congressmen who wanted to advance anti-communist cause (information acquired illegally) Communism and Spies â€Å"Make America a great and decent place to live in† Hoover Hoover wanted to show angers of communism and that Truman wasn’t equipped â€Å"Communism in reality is not a political party, it is a way of life, an evil and malignant way of life† Hoover Hoover convinced there was a communist conspiracy to overthrow government Senator McCarthy Accused some of the most influential Americans of being communists â€Å"if there is one communist in the state department, that’s one too many’ McCarthy McCarthy used Hoover as a source of information to support accusations Hoover used McCarthy as tool to advance his regressive agenda McCarthy was getting out of control 0 began to Ritchie Eisenhower for being to soft on communists McCarthy revealed letter from army Hoover denied sending the letter Hoover end ed McCarthy career whilst preserving own In 1954 Hoover complained to president that McCarthy was impending the Ibis investigations of communists 0 Hoover cut McCarthy off from any FBI support McCarthy fell quickly and the senate voted to sanction him â€Å"Hoover didn’t like him, because McCarthy had supplanted the FBI director as the nations chief enemy of communism† Delilah Dwight D Eisenhower 1953-1961 (R) Good relationship â€Å"He gave Hoover anything he could have wanted† Powers Hoover sided with Eisenhower (5 star general in oval office) when McCarthy was hunting out communists in army Mafia Denied existence of crime organization claiming they were disconnected groups which local police could deal with Mafia involved in gambling and horse racing which Hoover partook in It is believed his denial stemmed from mobsters (Costello) who gave him tips on fixed races â€Å"No one would ever know how many raced I had to fix for that bastard† Frank Costello â€Å"Hoover was in our pocket, he was not someone we needed to fear† Carmine Lombardi CONTINENTAL Counter intelligence program established 1956 Aim to infiltrate and disrupt activities of communist party in US Series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by FBI 85% of CONTINENTAL resources were used on infiltrating and disrupting suspected subversive groups Other 15% used on marshalling white hate groups Directives issued by Hoover Methods used: infiltration, psychological warfare, harassment, extra-legal force, illegal surveillance John F Kennedy 1961-1963 (D) Kennedy reappoints Hoover as director Good relationship with Kennedy (long term relationship with father) Robert Kennedy was new Attorney General (boss) Tense relationship Bobby wanted to fight organized crime Hoover maintained there was no national crime syndicate Clashed in view of Afro-Americans and civil rights Assassination of JEFF Hoover called bobby to deliver news There is evidence that FBI had information on both Oswald and Jack Ruby which they failed to pass on to secret service or Warren commission Hoover ordered some key files in FBI Dallas office to be destroyed LB] asked Hoover to complete report Lyndon B Johnson 1963-1969 LB] waved compulsory retirement age for Hoover â€Å"the nation cannot afford to lose you† LB] Hoover was extremely loyal to LB] FBI used to collect political information on Lbs. enemies and to disrupt activities of any groups LB] saw as threats Hoovers inability to change with time was damaging Life magazine cover â€Å"emperor of FBI† Social Unrest â€Å"Civil rights movements grew under Johnson and Hoover saw it as a threat to the American way of life he knew and loved† Denned and Dixon â€Å"Hoover directed massive investigations of radical violence and he forestalled more violence by disrupting and destroying murderous Klan† Powers Hoover used CONTINENTAL to fight these Martin Luther King Hoover installed illegal wire taps and had king under surveillance (revealed king paving an affair) â€Å"King was the most notorious liar in the country’ Hoover As king rose in stature as a black leader, the FBI increased surveillance â€Å"That’s when Hoover starts playing not law enforcement but manipulator of the societies processors† Blakely Hoover initiated campaign to det er people from associating with King Hoover forced to take case of assassination in 1968 (largest manhunt FBI history) Richard M Nixon 1969-1974 â€Å"Onion’s staff considered Hoover a tired old relic who lived entirely in the past† Beardsley Series of leaks regarding North Vietnam 0 led to protests Nixon asked Hoover to find source of leak and gave information of suspects Radical student groups taken over university and set off bombs FBI unable to control Source of tension between Hoover and Nixon 1971 a citizens commission of FBI broke in FBI office in Pennsylvania Stole hundreds of documents of surveillance and wire tapping of suspect groups Public outraged 0 senator Kennedy called for Hoover to resign Hoover dismantled CONTINENTAL and kept low profile Nixon asked Hoover to resign but Hoover refused Nixon froze out Hoover Death 2nd of May 1972 (77) White house immediately tried to find is private files His secretary Helen Candy (1918-1972) hid them in her office then his basement, then destroyed Nixon delivered eulogy Significance and Evaluation Bal instruction manual Bureau chain for command Personal efficiency records Fingerprint registry 1924 â€Å"Centralization of fingerprints, famed FBI laboratory, scientific analysis†¦ Branded him as the father of modern day law enforcement† Delilah Agent education 1928 Crime laboratory 1932 â€Å"Hoover gave America on of the world’s greatest law-enforcement organizations† Denned and Dixon â€Å"FBI internationally respected for its competence and efficiency’ Painter FBI Hoover In Media G-men Magazines Comics Hollywood Homosexuality? Finding the â€Å"real† Hoover Little known of real life Hoover had few friends Hoover ordered destruction of files 3 sets of files Official and confidential 0 contained derogatory information on private lives of presidents, congressmen, senators, government employees and famous people (only ones left) Personal and confidential Bureau files â€Å"The issue of whether or not Hoover and Tolstoy were intimate is not only superficial but a smokescreen to hide Hover’s gross dereliction of duty and hostility to the deals he was sworn to protect† Rosenberg Evaluation Super patriot Portrayed himself as patriotic hero saving USA from gangsters, Nazis, communists, Klan Took credit for making FBI internationally recognized Questions of surveillance and deceit during dictatorship *Dover reflected the assets and liabilities that flow from one person having so much power† Denned and Dixon The FBI Book – Max Allentown 1850 Exposes FBI activities Includes claim Hoov er was secretly aiding HUGH Hoover attempted to prevent publication and denied claims Had agents go to bookshops and ask not to sell Got Journalists to write unfavorable reviews Commercial failure but useful for historians Sensationalism Journalists in early ass claimed FBI was a kind of Gestapo Hoover might have taken bribes from millionaires Some claimed Hoover ignored warning from British about pearl harbor â€Å"Hoover was a homosexual and a transvestites†¦ Was being blackmailed by the mafia† Summers â€Å"He became a symbol of violations of civil liberties and hostilities to civil rights, and that is a tragedy because there was great potential in that man† Powers â€Å"His legacy leaves a great deal to be proud of and a great deal to be ashamed of† Powers How to cite J Edgar Hoover, Papers

Modal Verbs Usage in Modern English Fiction free essay sample

Some features of mood, such as hypothetical permission, are expressed in words that are calledmodals(M). The modals are listed here: will all may must can Historically, English modals came from a special class of verbs in Ger- manic, the ancestor of English and the other Germanic languages. Modals have always differed from ordinary verbs, to the point where they now belong to a special category of their own. Modals and verbs differ in the range of forms that Sentence: 4. 24: Fritz may get a promotion. they exhibit. English verbs appear in a number of distinct forms, whereas modals have a single, invariant form. For instance, modals never end in-s,even in sentences with third-person singular subjects. To include the modal in our grammar, we simply expand the rule for auxil- iary to account for tense markers (past and present) and modals, as shown: Aux? tense (M) M? will shall can may must With this modification to our rules, we can describe sentences such as 24: 24. Fritz may get a promotion. Analysis of this sentence is shown in the following tree diagram on the next page. A question that often arises in the analysis of expanded verb phrases is why the tense marker is placed in front of the verb rather than after. The past parti- ciple suffix -ed/-en, after all, comes at the end of a verb, not at the beginning. The answer is that there is no simple way to capture schematically the rela- tions among tense, modals, and verbs. Whenever a verb has a modal, the modal is tensed, not the verb. If our description put tense after the verb, we would solve nothing—we would still have the question of how tense jumps over the verb and attaches to the modal. The placement of tense at the head of the VP is a matter of convention; placing it elsewhere in the VP would not en- hance the description. What we learn here is that structural analyses are at best an approximate de- scription of the language we actually use. If we wanted to account for the fact that the past participle appears at the end of verbs, we would have to develop a special rule for attachment, which indeed is what linguists have done. Nevertheless, structural analyses reveal much about the nature of grammatical constructions. Tense and Its Complexities When we examine tense closely, it becomes apparent that the relation between tense and verbs is not a simple one. Tense does not merely indicate when an ac- tion took place, as evidenced in sentences such asMacarena could visit her sick friend in the morning. The verbvisitis not tensed in this sentence; instead, the tense marker is attached to the modal. But although the modal is in the past tense, the action is to occur in the future. Many students have a hard time grasp- ing this concept. Although modals are function words, they nevertheless have a semantic content. Canandmay,for example, do not mean the same thing. Canindicates ability, whereasmayindicates permission as well as a conditional future. With regard to requesting permission, popular usage has largely eliminatedmayand replaced it withcan. If a student wants permission to use the rest room, he or she invariably will ask,Can I use the rest roomrather thanMay I use the rest room. In a department store, clerks will ask,Can I help you,notMay I help you. Formal standard usage, however, continues to differentiate between these words, which makes helping students understand the difference a worthwhile goal. Becausemaycan signify two different meanings, it can lead to ambiguity. Consider the following sentences: 25. Fritz can play the piano. 26. Fritz may play the piano. Sentence 25 signifies Fritz’s ability to play; sentence 26 can be understood as giving Fritz permission to play, or it can be understood as a comment about Fritz’s playing the piano at some time in the future. The condition is uncertain. We easily can imagine this future conditional if we think of Fritz being at a party. Sentence 27 offers another example ofmayas a future conditional: 27. Buggsy may take a trip to Las Vegas next week. It is worth noting that the past tense form ofmayismight. These words differ in thatmightsignifies a more uncertain or doubtful future than doesmay. Thus, the likelihood of Buggsy taking a trip is more uncertain in sentence 28 than it is in sentence 27: 28. Buggsy might take a trip to Las Vegas next week. Like many other usage distinctions, this one seems to be disappearing. Even speakers and writers of formal Standard English rarely differentiate the two forms. However, anyone interested in using language as precisely as possible will, indeed, differentiate them. The difference betweenwillandshallis far more complicated, and it, too, has essentially disappeared in American usage. The traditional distinction maintains thatshallis used to indicate the simple future in the first person, as in I shall go to the movies. Shallcannot be used in the second and third persons, however, but instead must be replaced bywill,as inThey will end the strike soon. The use ofwillin the first person does not express simple future but in- stead signifies a promised action, as inI will give you the loan. The use ofshall in the second and third persons signifies a command, as inYou shall stop seeing that horrible woman immediately. Currently, there are only two instances of widespread use ofshallin American English, even among Standard speakers: in legal documents and in questions, as in Shall we go now?